The core functions of the tensile testing machine are realized through the coordinated operation of the host structure, transmission system, sensor network and control software. The main frame is made of high-rigidity materials to ensure that the structure is stable and not deformed during the test. Transmission systems are usually divided into two categories: screw transmission and rack transmission: screw transmission has high precision but high cost, and is suitable for highly repeatable testing scenarios such as metals and composite materials; rack transmission has low cost and is mostly used in scenarios with low precision requirements such as plastics and rubber.
Force measurement relies on sensors to convert physical signals into electrical signals. When the sample is subjected to tension, the elastic element deforms, and the strain gauge attached to it produces a resistance change simultaneously. The measurement circuit calculates the actual force value by detecting the output voltage. The deformation measurement uses photoelectric encoder technology. The change in the distance between the clamps at both ends of the sample drives the encoder shaft to rotate. The output pulse signal is converted by the processor to obtain the precise deformation amount. The principle of beam displacement measurement is similar, and millimeter-level precision control is achieved through photoelectric encoders.
The control software serves as the "brain" of the system and supports three closed-loop control modes of force, displacement, and deformation. During the test process, the system collects data in real time and generates force-displacement curves, automatically identifying characteristic parameters such as elastic stages, yield points, and breaking points. Advanced models are equipped with dynamic curve analysis functions, which can display multiple sets of test data for comparison at the same time, and support Excel format export and cloud storage.
